Routing is a service that allows the developer to load route files within the application’s routes directory. Once the application is bootstrapped, this Request is sent to a router for dispatching. Then, the router dispatches the Request to a route or Controller as well as checks us for any middleware. Routing is a process that outlines all Requests with the help of a route.

Laravel Routing:
- Basic routing - all application routes are inscribed in the app/routes.php file.
- Route parameters - are defined URL paths that capture the routing of the application.
- Named routes - the chaining of routes can be referred by name upon route definition.

Middleware provides a convenient mechanism for examining and filtering HTTP Requests entering the application. For instance, one of the middleware can verify whether the user of your application is authenticated. There is much middleware in Laravel that can be located in its directory.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF), aka one-click attack or session riding, is a type of malicious exploit where unauthorized commands are submitted on behalf of an authenticated user. Laravel protects your application from CSRF attacks by automatically generating a CSRF ‘token’ for each active user session managed by the application. The token is stored in the user’s session and it is used to verify the authenticated user who is making the request to the application. Plus, the token changes each time the session is regenerated. In this way, a malicious application is unable to access it, and your application is safe and sound.

The Controller is responsible for passing information between Models and Views. Controllers have the ability to handle group-related requests in a single class.

Types of Controllers:
- Basic Controller
- Single Action Controller

Laravel Request class provides an object-focused way to interact with the current HTTP request being handled by the application as well as retrieve the input, cookies, and files that were submitted with the request.

All Routes and controllers return a response to the user’s browser. Laravel allows several different ways to return responses. The basic response is returning a string from the route or controller, and the framework automatically converts the string into a full HTTP response.

Views are used to separate the presentation logic and business logic. A view file contains the information that is presented to the users. It is the UI of the application and consists of HTML that will be served by the application. Views provide a convenient way to place all HTML in separate files.

Simple, but powerful templating engine, Blade is part of Laravel. It does not restrict you from using plain PHP code when writing your templates. Instead, Blade templates are compiled into plain PHP code and cached until they are modified. This means that Blade gives zero overhead to your application.

Laravel offers several helpers to assist you in generating URLs for your application. The URL helps you when building links in your templates and API responses, or when generating redirect responses to another part of your application.

Sessions are used to store information about the user across multiple requests. User information is stored in a persistent store/backend that can be accessed from subsequent requests. Laravel ships with different session backends that are obtained through an expressive, unified API.

Laravel provides different approaches to validate your application’s incoming data and includes a wide range of convenient validation rules.

Errors and exceptions are already configured in Laravel. You can find this class where all exceptions thrown by your application are logged and then rendered to the user.

Laravel provides robust logging services to keep you right on track with developing your application. These logging services allow you to log messages to the system error log, files, and even to Slack to notify the team.

Eloquent is an object-relational mapper (ORM) that allows you to interact with your database, but Laravel Eloquent ORM makes that ride more enjoyable. Each database table has its own corresponding ‘Model’ that allows you to interact with the table. Not only you can retrieve records, but you can also insert, update, and delete records from the table.